Relative-rotational-position detection apparatus

ABSTRACT

An outer cylindrical section is rotatable with a first shaft. Magnetic shielding portions are formed of a magnetic shielding or antimagnetic substance and arranged on a surface of a nonmagnetic and nonconductive cylindrical base. The magnetic shielding portions are spaced apart from each other by a predetermined interval in a circumferential direction of the cylindrical base so that non-magnetically-shielding portions are formed between the magnetic shielding portions. A plurality of coils are provided on a periphery of the outer cylindrical section and excitable by a predetermined A.C. signal. An inner cylindrical section is inserted in the outer cylindrical section and rotatable with a second shaft. The inner cylindrical section includes magnetic portions each provided to present a different characteristic with respect to an arrangement of the plurality of coils. Degree of overlap between the non-magnetically-shielding portions of the outer cylindrical section and the magnetic portions of the inner cylindrical section varies in response to a variation in the relative rotational position between the first shaft and the second shaft, and each of the coils presents impedance corresponding to the degree of overlap.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/121,001 filed Apr. 11, 2002 under thetitle of “Relative-Rotational-Position Detection Apparatus”, which isU.S. Pat. No. 6,581,479.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved apparatus for detecting arelative rotational position between two shafts, which is suitable foruse as, for example, a torque sensor for detecting a torsional force orload applied to a power steering shaft of a motor vehicle.

Of various types of techniques for detecting torsional amounts of tworelatively rotatable shafts, there have been well known those which arecharacterized by provision of detection devices, such as a potentiometeror resolver devices, on input and output shafts interconnected via atorsion bar. According to the above-mentioned technique using apotentiometer, a slider is mounted on the input shaft while a resistoris mounted on the output shaft, so that a position of the slidercontacting the resistor varies in accordance with a variation in arelative rotational position between the input and output shafts tothereby provide an analog voltage corresponding to the relativerotational position. According to the technique using resolver devices,separate resolver devices are provided on both of the input and outputshafts so as to detect a relative rotational amount (torsional amount)between the two shafts on the basis of angle signals produced by the tworesolver devices. Further, as a means for detecting a relativerotational displacement between two relatively rotatable shafts, therehas been developed a noncontact-type torque sensor for electronic powersteering which employs an induction coil.

The conventional technique of the type using a potentiometer wouldalways suffer from poor electrical contact, failure and/or other problemsince the electrical contact is implemented via a mechanical contactstructure. Further, because there occurs impedance variations due totemperature changes, it is necessary to appropriately compensate for atemperature drift. Further, the rotational-displacement detectionapparatus, known as the noncontact-type torque sensor for electric powersteering employing the induction coil, is arranged to measure an analogvoltage level produced in response to a minute relative rotationaldisplacement, so that it only accomplishes a very poor detectingresolution. Further, in addition to the need to compensate temperaturedrift characteristics of the coil, there is a need to appropriatelycompensate temperature drift characteristics present in reluctance ofmagnetic substances that vary magnetic coupling to the coil in responseto a changing relative rotational position as well as in eddy currentloss of electrically conductive substances. Furthermore, it is desirablethat the torque sensors for motor vehicles be arranged as a dual-sensingstructure for safety purposes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus which can achievesuperior temperature-characteristic compensating performance and can beeasily arranged as a dual-sensing structure.

It is another object of the present invention to provide arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus which is capable ofhigh-resolution detection even when a relative rotational displacementto be detected is very minute.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus for detecting arelative rotational position between a first shaft and a second shaftrotatable relative to each other, which comprises: an outer cylindricalsection rotatable with the first shaft, the outer cylindrical having anonmagnetic and nonconductive cylindrical base and magnetic shieldingportions formed of a magnetic shielding or antimagnetic substance andarranged on a surface of the cylindrical base, the magnetic shieldingportions being spaced apart from each other by a predetermined intervalin a circumferential direction of the cylindrical base so thatnon-magnetically-shielding portions are formed between the magneticshielding portions; a plurality of coils provided on a periphery of theouter cylindrical section and excitable by a predetermined A.C. signal;and an inner cylindrical section inserted in the outer cylindricalsection and rotatable with the second shaft, the inner cylindricalsection including magnetic portions each provided to present a differentcharacteristic with respect to an arrangement of the plurality of coils.Here, in response to a variation in a relative rotational positionbetween the first shaft and the second shaft, a degree of overlapbetween the non-magnetically-shielding portions of the outer cylindricalsection and the magnetic portions of the inner cylindrical sectionvaries, and each of the coils presents impedance corresponding to thedegree of overlap.

The relative-rotational-position detection apparatus of the presentinvention is extremely useful in that it permits accurate detection byappropriately compensating temperature drift characteristics and in thatit can be constructed to provide dual detection outputs.

While the described embodiments represent the preferred form of thepresent invention, it is to be understood that various modificationswill occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spiritof the invention. The scope of the present invention is therefore to bedetermined solely by the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For better understanding of the object and other features of the presentinvention, its embodiments will be described in greater detailhereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a partly-sectional perspective view showing arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus in accordance with afirst embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic developed view showing exemplary arrangementpatterns of open windows in an outer cylindrical section and nonmagneticwindows in an inner cylindrical section which correspond to a pluralityof tracks;

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing correlations between the windows of theouter and inner cylindrical sections in corresponding relation todifferent relative rotational positions;

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of electric circuitry applicableto the relative-rotational-position detection apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing voltages produced inindividual coils of FIG. 1 only in relation to a θ component and alsoshowing examples of synthesized outputs of two tracks corresponding to asine phase and two tracks corresponding to a cosine phase;

FIG. 6 is a schematic developed view showing another example of thearrangement patterns of open windows in the outer cylindrical sectionand nonmagnetic windows in the inner cylindrical section shown in FIG.1;

FIG. 7 is a partly-sectional perspective view showing a modification ofthe first embodiment shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 8A is a partly-sectional perspective view showing arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus in accordance with asecond embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus of FIG. 8A taken diametrically across the apparatus;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of therelative-rotational-position detection apparatus shown in FIG. 8B, whichis taken diametrically across a portion of the coil sectioncorresponding to one of the tracks;

FIG. 10A is a partly-sectional perspective view showing anothermodification of the relative-rotational-position detection apparatus ofFIG. 8A, which is characterized by a two-track construction;

FIGS. 10B and 10C are both cross-sectional views taken diametricallyacross the detection apparatus of FIG. 10A;

FIG. 11 is a schematic developed view showing arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus in accordance with athird embodiment of the present invention, which particularly showsarrangement patterns of the open windows in the outer cylindricalsection and nonmagnetic windows in the inner cylindrical section;

FIG. 12A is a diagram showing an example of electric circuitryapplicable to the embodiment shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 12B is a graph explanatory of operation of the embodiment shown inFIG. 12A;

FIG. 13A is a partly-sectional perspective view showing a modificationof the embodiment of FIG. 11, which is characterized by a two-trackconstruction;

FIG. 13B is a schematic developed view showing another example of thetrack-by-track window arrangement patterns of FIG. 13A;

FIG. 13C is a circuit diagram of the relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus of FIG. 13A;

FIG. 13D is a graph explanatory of operation of the apparatus shown inFIG. 13A;

FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram showing a relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus in accordance with a fourth embodiment of thepresent invention where a time-divisional excitation scheme is employed;

FIG. 15A is a partly-sectional perspective view showing still anothermodification of the relative-rotational-position detection apparatus ofthe invention, and FIG. 15B is a schematic developed view of thedetection apparatus shown in FIG. 15A;

FIG. 16A is a schematic developed view of an outer cylindrical sectionin still another embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 16B is aschematic developed view of an inner cylindrical section correspondingto the outer cylindrical section; and

FIG. 17A is a developed view of an outer cylindrical section in stillanother embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 17B is a developedview of an inner cylindrical section corresponding to the outercylindrical section.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(1) Construction of First Embodiment:

FIG. 1 is a partly-sectional perspective view showing arelative-rotational-position detection apparatus in accordance with afirst embodiment of the present invention. As shown, therelative-rotational-position detection apparatus comprises an outercylindrical section 11, an inner cylindrical section 12 inserted in theouter cylindrical section 11, in a noncontact fashion, with an annulargap interposed between the cylindrical sections 11 and 12, and a coilsection 10 disposed around the outer periphery of the outer cylindricalsection 11, in a noncontact fashion, with an annular gap interposedbetween the coil section 10 and the outer cylindrical section 11. Thecoil section 10 includes four coils 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d incorresponding relation to four tracks (or detecting channels) that arein the form of windows formed in the outer and inner cylindricalsections 11 and 12. In the first embodiment, the outer cylindricalsection 11 is disposed within a cylindrical space defined by the innersurfaces of the 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d, so that magnetic flux isproduced in an axial direction of the outer and inner cylindricalsections 11 and 12. In FIG. 1, the individual coils 10 a-10 d are shownin section.

The outer cylindrical section 11 is connected to one ofrelatively-rotatable first and second shafts 1 and 2 (e.g., first shaft1) for rotation with the one shaft 1, while the inner cylindricalsection 12 is connected to the other of the first and second shafts 1and 2 (e.g., second shaft 2) for rotation with the other shaft 2. Forexample, the first and second shafts 1 and 2 are connected with eachother via a torsion bar (not shown), and these shafts 1 and 2 arerotatable relative to each other within a limited angular rangepermitted by a possible torsional deformation of the torsion bar.Construction of these two shafts (input and output shafts)interconnected via the torsion bar is conventionally known per se, forexample, in the field of power steering mechanisms of motor vehicles,and the relative-rotational-position detection apparatus of theinvention described herein can be suitably used as a torque sensor fordetecting torque applied to the torsion bar of the power steeringmechanism.

The outer cylindrical section 11 is formed of a metal material, havingmagnetic shielding (antimagnetic or diamagnetic) property, into acylinder having a small wall thickness. For example, the metal substancemay be a nonmagnetic but highly electrically conductive substance suchas copper, aluminum, brass or nonmagnetic stainless steel. The outercylindrical section 11 has four rows (four tracks) of open windows 21 a,21 b, 21 c and 21 d which extend in a circumferential direction thereof.As illustratively shown in a developed view of FIG. 2, each of the rows(tracks), which are spaced from each other in an axial direction of thecylindrical section 11, consists of a plurality of open windows 21 a, 21b, 21 c and 21 d circumferentially spaced from each other atpredetermined intervals. Note, however, that each of the rows (tracks)may consist of only one such open window.

The inner cylindrical section 12 is formed of a magnetic substance, suchas a ferromagnetic substance like iron or ferrite, into a cylinderhaving an appropriately great wall thickness. The inner cylindricalsection 12 has four rows of nonmagnetic windows 22 a, 22 b, 22 c and 22d formed in predetermined positions thereof in corresponding relation tothe four rows (tracks) of the open windows 21 a, 21 b, 21 c and 21 d.For example, the nonmagnetic windows 22 a, 22 b, 22 c and 22 d are openwindows formed in the body of the inner cylindrical section 12 made ofthe magnetic substance. However, the nonmagnetic windows 22 a, 22 b, 22c and 22 d may be in the form of windows made of a metal material havingmagnetic shielding or antimagnetic, i.e. diamagnetic, property, ratherthan the open windows. As illustratively shown in the developed view ofFIG. 2, each of the rows (tracks) consists of a plurality of nonmagneticwindows 22 a, 22 b, 22 c or 22 d circumferentially spaced from eachother at predetermined intervals. The predetermined intervals need notnecessarily be uniform; it is only necessary that correlations betweenthe open windows in the outer cylindrical section 11 and the nonmagneticwindows in the inner cylindrical section 12 satisfy predeterminedtrack-by-track relational conditions as will be later described. Notethat if the outer cylindrical section 11 has only one open window 21 a,21 b, 21 c or 21 d per row, then the inner cylindrical section 12 mayhave only one nonmagnetic window 22 a, 22 b, 22 c or 22 d correspondingto the open window of the outer cylindrical section 11.

The circumference along which the open windows 21 a are formed in theouter cylindrical section 11 overlaps the circumference along which thenonmagnetic window 22 a are formed in the inner cylindrical section 12,so that the windows 21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 andnonmagnetic windows 22 a of the inner cylindrical section 12 togetherconstitute a track (hereinafter referred to as “track A” for convenienceof description). The coil 10 a is positioned in such a manner as tosurround the circumference of track A. The circumference along which theopen windows 21 b are formed in the outer cylindrical section 11overlaps the circumference along which the nonmagnetic window 22 b areformed in the inner cylindrical section 12, so that the open windows 21b of the outer cylindrical section 11 and nonmagnetic windows 22 b ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 together constitute another track(hereinafter referred to as “track B”). The coil 10 b is positioned insuch a manner as to surround the circumference of track B. Thecircumference along which the open windows 21 c are formed in the outercylindrical section 11 overlaps the circumference along which thenonmagnetic window 22 c are formed in the inner cylindrical section 12,so that the open windows 21 c of the outer cylindrical section 11 andnonmagnetic windows 22 c of the inner cylindrical section 12 togetherconstitute still another track (hereinafter referred to as “track C”).The coil 10 c is positioned in such a manner as to surround thecircumference of track C. Further, the circumference along which theopen windows 21 d are formed in the outer cylindrical section 11overlaps the circumference along which the nonmagnetic window 22 d areformed in the inner cylindrical section 12, so that the open windows 21d of the outer cylindrical section 11 and nonmagnetic windows 22 d ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 together constitute yet another track(hereinafter referred to as “track D”). The coil 10 d is positioned insuch a manner as to surround the circumference of track D. The coils 10a to 10 d are accommodated in magnetic or antimagnetic cases 13 a to 13d, respectively, so that a magnetic field produced by each of the coils10 a to 10 d does not affect the other coils.

Because of the magnetic shielding (antimagnetic) property of the outercylindrical section 11, degree of the overlap between the open windows21 a to 21 d of the outer cylindrical section 11 and the nonmagneticwindows 22 a to 22 d of the inner cylindrical section 12 determineimpedance of the respective coils 10 a to 10 d. Namely, for each of thetracks, an amount of exposure, to the open windows of the overlyingouter cylindrical section 11, of the magnetic substance of the innercylindrical section 12 determines the inductance, i.e. impedance, of thecorresponding coil. For example, when the nonmagnetic windows 22 a ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 are fully overlapping the open windows21 of the outer cylindrical section 11 on track A, the correspondingcoil 10 a presents the smallest inductance or impedance. When thenonmagnetic windows 22 a of the inner cylindrical section 12 are noteven slightly overlapping the open windows 21 of the outer cylindricalsection 11, i.e. when the magnetic substance of the inner cylindricalsection 12 is fully exposed to the open windows of the outer cylindricalsection 11, the coil 10 a presents the greatest inductance or impedance.Further, when the nonmagnetic windows 22 a of the inner cylindricalsection 12 are each overlapping just one-half of the area of thecorresponding open window of the outer cylindrical section 11, i.e. whenthe magnetic substance of the inner cylindrical section 12 is exposed toone-half of the area of each of the open windows 21 a, the coil 10 apresents a mid impedance value between the greatest and smallest valuesof inductance or impedance. Thus, the inductance or impedance of thecoil 10 a varies between the greatest and smallest values depending onthe degree to which the nonmagnetic windows 22 a of the innercylindrical section 12 overlap the open windows 21 of the outercylindrical section 11. The degree of the overlap between thenonmagnetic windows 22 a of the inner cylindrical section 12 and theopen windows 21 of the outer cylindrical section 11 corresponds to arelative rotational position between the first and second shafts 1 and 2that is an object of detection here, and thus the inductance orimpedance of the coil 10 a presents a value corresponding to a relativerotational position to be detected.

Relationships between the open windows 21 b to 21 d of the outercylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 22 b to 22 d of theinner cylindrical section 12 on other tracks B-D are the same asdescribed above for track A; namely, the open windows 21 b to 21 d andthe nonmagnetic windows 22 b to 22 d are positioned in such a mannerthat the inductance or impedance of the corresponding coils 10 b to 10 dpresents values corresponding to a relative rotational position to bedetected.

Namely, the embodiment is constructed in such a manner that the degreeof the overlap between the open windows 21 a to 21 d of the outercylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d of theinner cylindrical section 12 on tracks A to D vary with predeterminedphase differences from a relative rotational position to be detected.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing correlations between the windows of theouter and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12 on tracks A to D.Specifically, in this figure, (b) shows correlations between the windowson tracks A to D when the relative rotational position of the first andsecond shafts 1 and 2 is “0”, i.e. neutral. Note that the relativerotational position moves from the neutral position leftward andrightward (in clockwise and counterclockwise directions) within apredetermined range. (a) shows correlations between the windows ontracks A to D when the relative rotational position of the first andsecond shafts 1 and 2 is leftmost, and (c) shows correlations betweenthe windows on tracks A to D when the relative rotational position ofthe first and second shafts 1 and 2 is rightmost.

In the instant embodiment, the first and second shafts 1 and 2 canrotate relative to each other within a range corresponding to about halfof a circumferential length w of each one of the open windows 21 a to 21d of the outer cylindrical section 11 or each one of the nonmagneticwindows 22 a to 22 d of the inner cylindrical section 12. Namely,referring to track A, the open windows 21 a of the outer cylindricalsection 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 22 a of the inner cylindricalsection 12 do not overlap with each other at all in the leftmostrelative position as shown in (a) of FIG. 3, so that the coil 10 apresents maximum impedance in the leftmost relative position. In theneutral relative position shown in (b), each of the nonmagnetic windows22 a of the inner cylindrical section 12 overlaps with the correspondingopen window 21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 by an amountcorresponding to about w/4 (one-quarter of the circumferential lengthw). In the rightmost relative position shown in (c), each of thenonmagnetic windows 22 a of the inner cylindrical section 12 overlapswith the corresponding open window 21 a of the outer cylindrical section11 by an amount corresponding to about w/2.

In the case of track B, each of the nonmagnetic windows 22 b of theinner cylindrical section 12 overlaps with the corresponding open window21 b of the outer cylindrical section 11 by an amount corresponding toabout w/2 in the leftmost relative position shown in (a) of FIG. 3. Inthe neutral relative position shown in (b), each of the nonmagneticwindows 22 b of the inner cylindrical section 12 overlaps with thecorresponding open window 21 b of the outer cylindrical section 11 by anamount corresponding to about 3w/4. In the rightmost relative positionshown in (c), the open windows 21 b of the outer cylindrical section 11and the nonmagnetic windows 22 b of the inner cylindrical section 12fully overlap with each other.

In the case of track C, the open windows 21 c of the outer cylindricalsection 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 22 c of the inner cylindricalsection 12 completely overlap with each other in the leftmost relativeposition shown in (a) of FIG. 3. In the neutral relative position shownin (b), each of the nonmagnetic windows 22 c of the inner cylindricalsection 12 overlaps with the corresponding open window 21 c of the outercylindrical section 11 by an amount corresponding to about w/4. In therightmost relative position shown in (c), each of the nonmagneticwindows 22 c of the inner cylindrical section 12 overlaps with thecorresponding open window 21 c of the outer cylindrical section 11 by anamount corresponding to about w/2.

Further, in the case of track D, each of the nonmagnetic windows 22 d ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 overlaps with the corresponding openwindow 21 d of the outer cylindrical section 11 by an amountcorresponding to about w/2 in the leftmost relative position shown in(a) of FIG. 3. In the neutral relative position shown in (b), each ofthe nonmagnetic windows 22 d of the inner cylindrical section 12overlaps with the corresponding open window 21 d of the outercylindrical section 11 by an amount corresponding to about w/4. In therightmost relative position shown in (c), the open windows 21 d of theouter cylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 22 d of theinner cylindrical section 12 do not even slightly overlap with eachother.

As clear from the foregoing, a variation in the degree of the overlapbetween the open windows 21 c and the nonmagnetic windows 22 c on trackC with respect to a relative position between the shafts 1 and 2 are inopposite phase or differential with respect to a variation in the degreeof the overlap between the open windows 21 a and the nonmagnetic windows22 a on track A. Similarly, a variation in the degree of the overlapbetween the open windows 21 d and the nonmagnetic windows 22 d on trackD with respect to a relative position between the shafts 1 and 2 are inopposite phase or differential with respect to a variation in the degreeof the overlap between the open windows 21 b and the nonmagnetic windows22 b on track B. Further, a variation in the degree of the overlapbetween the open windows 21 b and the nonmagnetic windows 22 b on trackA with respect to a relative position between the shafts 1 and 2 presenta difference of one-quarter cycle (electrical angle of 90 degrees) froma variation in the degree of the overlap between the open windows 21 aand the nonmagnetic windows 22 a on track A.

For example, the shape of the open windows 21 a and nonmagnetic windows22 a on track A may be chosen or set appropriately such that theimpedance produced in the coil 10 a corresponding to track A presents avariation over a one-quarter-cycle range of a sine (or cosine) functionas the first and second shafts 1 and 2 displace relative to each otherover a length of about w/2 from the leftmost relative position of thewindows 21 a and 22 a on track A to the rightmost relative position. Inthe illustrated example, the open windows 21 a of the outer cylindricalsection 11 each have a roundish shape with no sharp corners while thenonmagnetic windows 22 d of the inner cylindrical section 12 each have arectangular shape; however, it should be obvious that the shapes of theopen windows and nonmagnetic windows are not so limited.

If an angular variable corresponding to a relative rotational positionbetween the first and second shafts 1 and 2 is represented by θ, animpedance variation A(θ) of an ideal sine function characteristicoccurring in the coil boa corresponding to track A can be expressedequivalently by the following mathematical expression:

A(θ)=P ₀ +P sin θ

Because the impedance variation does not take a negative value (does notenter a negative value region), the offset value P₀ is equal to orgreater than the amplitude coefficient P(P₀≧P), and “P₀+P sin θ” doesnot take a negative value in the mathematical expression above. Here,the angular variable θ correlates to or changes in proportion to arelative rotational position to be detected, with such a relationshipthat the length w/2, corresponding to the variation range of the overlapbetween the windows 21 a and 22 a, corresponds to phase angle π/2.Because the maximum displacement range is w/2, it is assumed here thatthe angular variable e changes only within a range of 0-π/2 or about 90°electrical angle.

By contrast, an ideal impedance variation C(θ) occurring in the coil 10c corresponding to track C that presents a differential variation to thevariation on track A can be expressed equivalently by the followingmathematical expression of a minus sine function characteristic:

C(θ)=P ₀ −P sin θ

Further, an ideal impedance variation B(θ) occurring in the coil 10 bcorresponding to track B that presents a difference of a one-quartercycle (π/2 electrical angle) from the variation on track A can beexpressed equivalently by the following mathematical expression of acosine function characteristic:

B(θ)=P ₀ +P cos θ

Furthermore, an ideal impedance variation D(θ) occurring in the coil 10d corresponding to track D that presents a differential variation to thevariation on track B can be expressed equivalently by the followingmathematical expression of a minus cosine function characteristic:

D(θ)=P ₀ −P cos θ

The amplitude coefficient P will be omitted from the followingdescription, because it may be regarded as a value “1 ” and the omissionof the coefficient P does not appear to cause any inconvenience in thedescription of the invention.

(2) Example of Circuitry Construction:

FIG. 4 shows an example of electric circuitry applicable to therelative-rotational-position detection apparatus of FIG. 1. It should beappreciated that this electric circuitry is applicable to any otherlater-described embodiments of the relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus as well as to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. InFIG. 4, each of the coils 10 a to 10 d is shown equivalently as avariable inductance element. The coils 10 a to 10 d are excited by apredetermined high-frequency A.C. signal (for convenience' sake, denotedby Esinωt) in a single phase with a constant voltage or current. Asindicated below, voltages Va, Vb, Vc and Vd that are produced in thecoils 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d, respectively, present intensitycorresponding to the impedance values of tracks A to D that correspondto the above-mentioned angular variable θ responsive to a relativerotational position to be detected.

Va=(P ₀+sin θ)sin ωt

Vb=(P ₀+cos θ)sin ωt

Vc=(P ₀−sin θ)sin ωt

Vd=(P ₀−cos θ)sin ωt

Section (a) of FIG. 5 is a graph schematically showing voltages Va, Vb,Vc and Vd produced in the coils 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d only withregard to the “θ” component (component of time t are not shown).

Arithmetic operator 31 in FIG. 4 calculates a difference between theoutput voltage Va of the coil 10 a corresponding to track A and theoutput voltage Vc of the coil 10 c corresponding to track C varyingdifferentially relative to the output voltage Va and thereby generatesan A.C. output signal having an amplitude coefficient of a sine functioncharacteristic of the angular variable θ, as expressed below.$\begin{matrix}{{{Va} - {Vc}} = {{\left( {P_{0} + {\sin \quad \theta}} \right)\sin \quad \omega \quad t} - {\left( {P_{0} - {\sin \quad \theta}}\quad \right)\sin \quad \omega \quad t}}} \\{= {2\quad \sin \quad \theta \quad \sin \quad \omega \quad t}}\end{matrix}$

Arithmetic operator 32 calculates a difference between the outputvoltage Vb of the coil 10 b corresponding to track B and the outputvoltage Vd of the coil 10 d corresponding to track D varyingdifferentially with respect to the output voltage Vb and therebygenerates an A.C. output signal having an amplitude coefficient of acosine function characteristic of the angular variable θ, as expressedbelow. $\begin{matrix}{{{Vb} - {Vd}} = {{\left( {P_{0} + {\cos \quad \theta}} \right)\sin \quad \omega \quad t} - {\left( {P_{0} - {\cos \quad \theta}} \right)\sin \quad \omega \quad t}}} \\{= {2\quad \cos \quad \theta \quad \sin \quad \omega \quad t}}\end{matrix}$

In this way, there can be obtained two A.C. output signals “2 sin θ sinωt” and “2 cos θ sin ωt” having been modulated with two cyclic amplitudefunctions (sin θ and cos θ), respectively, that contain the angularvariable θ correlating to a relative position to be detected;hereinafter, the coefficient “2 ” will be omitted for simplicity. Thethus-obtained A.C. output signals are similar to a sine-phase outputsignal “sin θ sin ωt” and cosine-phase output signal “cos θ sin ωt”produced by a detector commonly known as a resolver. Section (b) of FIG.5 is a graph schematically showing the sine-phase output signal “sin θsin ωt” and cosine-phase output signal “cos θ sin ωt” output from thearithmetic operators 31 and 32 only with regard to the θ component(component of time t is not shown). Note that the designations“sine-phase” and “cosine-phase” and the representations of the amplitudefunctions “sine” and “cosine” of the two A.C. output signals are justfor illustrative purposes and the “sine” and “cosine” may be replacedwith “cosine” and “sine”, respectively; namely, it is only necessarythat one of the amplitude functions be “sine” and the other amplitudefunction be “cosine”. In other words, the output signals of thearithmetic operators 31 and 32 may be expressed as “Va−Vc=cos θ sin ωt”and “Vb−Vd=sin θ sin ωt”, respectively.

Now explaining compensation of temperature drift characteristics, theimpedance of the individual coils 10 a to 10 d changes in response to anambient temperature, so that the output voltages Va to Vd of the coils10 a to 10 d also change in response to the ambient temperature.However, the A.C. output signals of sine and cosine functioncharacteristics “sin θ sin ωt” and “cos θ sin ωt” obtained byarithmetically synthesizing the output voltages Va to Vd can beprevented from being influenced by coil impedance variations caused by atemperature drift, because temperature drift errors of the coils 10 a to10 d are completely compensated for by the arithmetic operations of“Va−Vc” and “Vb−Vd”. As a result, the instant embodiment permitshigh-accuracy detection.

The instant embodiment is capable of detecting a relative rotationalposition (or torque in the case where the embodiment is applied as atorque sensor) on the basis of the two A.C. output signals “sin θ sinωt” and “cos θ sin ωt” produced by the arithmetic operators 31 and 32using either the phase detection scheme or the voltage detection scheme.

As the phase detection scheme, there may be used the techniquedisclosed, by the assignee of the present application, in JapanesePatent Laid-open Publication No. HEI-9-126809. For example, an A.C.signal sin θ cos ωt is generated by a shift circuit 33 shifting one ofthe A.C. output signals, sinθsinωt, by an electrical angle of 90°, andadditive and subtractive synthesis is performed, via an adder 34 andsubtracted 35, between the thus-generated A.C. signal sin θ cos ωt andthe other A.C. output signal cos θ sin ωt, so as to generate two A.C.signals phase-shifted from each other in phase-advancing andphase-retarding directions in accordance with the angular variable θ(i.e., signals with the phase component θ converted to an A.C. phaseshift amount). Then, zero cross points of the phase-shifted A.C. signalssin(ωt+θ) and sin(ωt−θ) are detected by comparators 36 and 37 togenerate a zero-cross detection pulse Lp corresponding to the detectedA.C. signals sin(ωt+θ) of the advanced phase and a zero-cross detectionpulse Lm corresponding to the detected A.C. signals sin(ωt−θ) of theretarded phase, and the thus-generated zero-cross detection pulses Lpand Lm are then sent to a digital processing device 40. The digitalprocessing device 40 measures a time difference of the generation timepoint of the zero-cross detection pulse Lp of the advanced-phase A.C.signal from a zero-phase time point of the reference signal sin ωt, tothereby digitally detect a phase shift amount +θ of the advanced-phaseA.C. signal. Similarly, the digital processing device 40 measures a timedifference of the generation time point of the zero-cross detectionpulse Lm of the retarded-phase A.C. signal from the zero-phase timepoint of the reference signal sin ωt, to thereby digitally detect aphase shift amount −θ of the retarded-phase A.C. signal. Because anerror ±δ resulting from a temperature drift and other factors isincluded in both of the phase shift amount +θ and phase shift amount −θof the advanced- and retarded-phase A.C. signals in a same direction andsame amount, accurate phase detection data θ with such an error ±δremoved therefrom can be obtained by the digital processing device 40further performing predetermined arithmetic operations that includeaddition or subtraction between the detected phase values +θ and −θ ofthe advanced-phase A.C. signal and retarded-phase A.C. signal. Forexample, the digital processing device 40 may comprise a general-purposemicrocomputer.

By the compensating arithmetic operations using the above-mentioneddetected phase values +θ and −θ of the advanced-phase and retarded-phaseA.C. signals, it is possible to completely remove temperature drifterror components that could not be removed through the differentialarithmetic operations. Namely, although the differential arithmeticoperations by the arithmetic operators 31 and 32 can compensate fortemperature drift errors of the coil impedance, they can not compensatefor temperature drift error components resulting from eddy currentlosses of the antimagnetic metals forming the outer and innercylindrical sections 11 and 12 or core losses of the magnetic metal.However, the compensating arithmetic operations, based on the phasedetection scheme and using the above-mentioned detected phase values +θand −θ of the advanced-phase and retarded-phase A.C. signals, cancompletely remove the temperature drift error components that could notbe removed through the differential arithmetic operations.

Electric circuitry for the voltage detection scheme is constructed byrectifying, via rectifiers 38 and 39, the two A.C. output signals sin θsin ωt and cos θ sin ωt produced from the arithmetic operators 31 and 32and thereby obtaining analog voltages V(sin θ) and V(cos θ)corresponding to the respective amplitude coefficient components sineand cos θ. In this case, the relative rotational position detection canbe performed by just rectifying only one of the two A.C. output signalssin θ sin ωt and cos θ sin ωt. However, to implement the dual-sensingfunction, the instant embodiment is arranged to rectify both of the A.C.output signals sin θ sin ωt and cos θ sin ωt so as to generate twoanalog voltages V(sin θ) and V(cos θ) that present opposite functioncharacteristics in response to the angular variable θ correlating to arelative rotational position to be detected. Namely, the characteristicsof the two analog voltages V(sin θ) and V(cos θ) are the same as thevariation characteristics of “Va−Vc” and “Vb−Vd” shown in section (b) ofFIG. 5. Such two detection voltages of the opposite characteristics canappropriately achieve dual-sensing performance that is often required asredundant safety measures of torque sensors mounted on motor vehicles.Normally, in a case where either one of the analog detection voltagesV(sin θ) or V(cos θ) is used and when there has occurred a failure oranomaly in one detection system associated with the one analog voltageV(sin θ) or V(cos θ), the other analog detection voltage V(cos θ) orV(sin θ) from the properly-functioning detection system is used. Forexample, the instant embodiment may be arranged in such a manner that afailure detection circuit 42 monitors respective states of the twodetection voltages V(sin θ) and V(cos θ) of the two detection systems soas to detect presence/absence of any abnormal condition so that anoutput selection circuit 41 normally selectively outputs a predeterminedone of the analog detection voltages V(sin θ) or V(cos θ) but, whenthere has been detected an abnormal condition, such as a level drop dueto a broken wire, of the one analog detection voltage V(sin θ) or V(cosθ), the output selection circuit 41 is controlled to selectively outputthe other voltage V(cos θ) or V(sin θ) having no anomaly. The analogvoltage thus output via the output selection circuit 41 may be usedeither directly or after being converted into digital form.

As set forth earlier in relation to FIG. 3, the variable range (i.e.detectable range) of each of the amplitude functions sin θ and cos θ ofthe A.C. output signals sin θ sin ωt and cos θ sin ωt is aboutone-quarter of a cycle (about π/2 or 90° electrical angle) rather thanone full cycle (2π). FIG. 5 shows such detectable ranges in solid lines.By thus limiting the variable range (i.e. detectable range) of each ofthe amplitude functions sin θ and cos θ of the A.C. output signals sin θsin ωt and cos θcos ωt to about one-quarter of a cycle (about π/2 or 90°electrical angle), the instant embodiment is capable of generating twoeffective detection voltages V (sin θ) and V(cos θ). Thus, although themeasurable phase range is also about one-quarter of a cycle (about π/2or 90° electrical angle) in the phase detection scheme, the instantembodiment can perform high-accuracy phase detection with the phasedetection scheme, because the relatively rotatable range, i.e.relative-rotation detection range, is considerably limited in this case.

The electric circuitry used here may be simplified by interconnectingthe coils 10 a and 10 c in opposite phases and also interconnecting thecoils 10 b and 10 d in opposite phases so that A.C. output signalscorresponding to the respective differences “Va−Vc” and “Vb−Vd” can beobtained without using the particular arithmetic operators 31 and 32.

(3) Modification of Window Patterns:

The shapes and arrangement patterns of the open windows 21 a to 21 d inthe outer cylindrical section 11 and the shapes and arrangement patternsof the nonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d in the inner cylindrical section12 may be modified variously, namely, a variety of variations of thewindow shapes and arrangement patterns are possible, as long as thecorrelations between the open windows 21 a to 21 d and the nonmagneticwindows 22 a to 22 d on individual tracks A to D can satisfy theabove-mentioned predetermined relational conditions (i.e., sine andcosine function characteristics). FIG. 6 is a developed view showinganother example of the window patterns. As illustrated in the figure,tracks A to D need not necessarily be placed in exact alphabeticalorder; these tracks may be placed in any other suitable order taking,into consideration, balance between the window patterns (e.g., balancein a case where the open window patterns are provided by forming holes).Further, the windows may be formed into any other shape than therectangular shape, such as a circular, oval or triangular shape.

(4) Example of Method for Forming the Nonmagnetic Windows:

Next, a description is made about examples of a method by which thenonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d in the inner cylindrical section 12 areformed of a material or substance having magnetic shielding orantimagnetic property.

In this example of the nonmagnetic-window forming method, the body ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 is formed of a ferromagnetic substance,such as iron, into a cylinder having a thin wall thickness. Then, theouter peripheral surface of the body is plated with a predeterminedantimagnetic material such as copper. After that, the antimagneticsubstance of unnecessary portions of the body is removed by etching suchthat only the antimagnetic substance applied with the patterns of thenonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d to be ultimately formed can remain onthe outer peripheral surface of the body.

According to another example of the nonmagnetic-window forming method,the inner cylindrical section 12 is formed as a dual-cylinder structurehaving inner and outer cylindrical portions. The inner cylinder of theinner cylindrical section 12 is formed of a ferromagnetic substance,such as iron, while the outer cylinder of the inner cylindrical section12 is formed of antimagnetic metal, such as copper or brass, into asmall wall thickness. Open windows are formed in the thin outer cylinderof antimagnetic metal so that the patterns of the nonmagnetic windows 22a to 22 d to be formed ultimately can remain on the outer cylinder ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 and the ferromagnetic inner cylinder isexposed through the open windows. In this case, both of the inner andouter cylinders of the inner cylindrical section 12 may be arranged torotate together as a unit, or only the thin outer cylinder ofantimagnetic (or diamagnetic) metal may be arranged to rotate with theferromagnetic inner cylinder arranged to be non-rotatable.

According to still another example of the nonmagnetic-window formingmethod, the body of the inner cylindrical section 12 is formed as acylinder of a nonmagnetic substance such as a plastic, or as a cylinderof antimagnetic metal, such as copper or brass, which has a small wallthickness. Ferromagnetic substance, such as iron, is formed inpredetermined patterns on the outer peripheral surface of such acylinder so that the patterns of the nonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d tobe formed can remain on the cylinder as nonmagnetic or antimagnetic (ordiamagnetic) patterns. In this case, as one way of forming thepredetermined patterns of the ferromagnetic substance, the entire outerperipheral surface of the cylinder is first plated with a ferromagneticsubstance such as iron and then etched to remove the ferromagneticsubstance so that the patterns of the nonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 dto be formed can remain on the cylinder's outer peripheral surface. Asanother way of forming the predetermined patterns of the ferromagneticsubstance, powders of a ferromagnetic substance, such as ferrite, arewelded or sintered in predetermined patterns on the outer peripheralsurface of the cylinder so that the patterns of the nonmagnetic windows22 a to 22 d to be formed can remain on the cylinder's outer peripheralsurface.

According to still another example of the nonmagnetic-window formingmethod, the body of the inner cylindrical section 12 is formed as acylinder of a ferromagnetic substance such as iron, laser baking isperformed in predetermined patterns on the outer peripheral surface ofthe cylinder so that the laser-baked portions are demagnetized and thusthe patterns of the nonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d to be formed canremain on the cylinder's outer peripheral surface.

(5) Modified Construction:

In the case where the relative-rotational-position detection apparatusin accordance with the instant embodiment is employed as a torque sensorin a power steering mechanism of a motor vehicle, the first and secondshafts 1 and 2 are interconnected via a torsion bar, as noted earlier.In some case, the torsion bar is made of magnetic metal such as iron.Namely, in such a case, the magnetic torsion bar is inserted inside theinner cylindrical section 12 of the relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus, and thus the effectiveness of the nonmagneticwindows 22 a to 22 d (i.e., detecting sensitivity) might be degraded dueto a bias applied to the nonmagnetic windows 22 a to 22 d . To deal withsuch possible degradation of the detecting sensitivity, a cylinder 14made of antimagnetic metal, such as copper or iron, and having a smallwall thickness may be inserted inside the inner cylindrical section 12but outside the torsion bar 3 made of magnetic metal. With sucharrangements, the torsion bar 3 made of magnetic metal centrally locatedin the inner cylindrical section 12 can be magnetically shielded in sucha manner that the detecting sensitivity is not adversely influenced.

(6) Second Embodiment:

FIG. 8 shows a relative-rotational-position detection apparatus inaccordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, which isgenerally similar to the first embodiment of FIG. 1 except that the coilsection 10 is constructed differently from that of FIG. 1. Specifically,FIG. 8A is a schematic perspective view of the second embodiment, andFIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view taken diametrically across a portionof the coil section 10 corresponding to one of the tracks (e.g., trackA). On the one track (e.g., track A), a plurality of (in the illustratedexample, two) iron cores 16 a 1 and 16 a 2 are provided andcircumferentially spaced from each other by a predetermined angularinterval (e.g., 180° interval as illustrated in FIG. 8B). Coils 10 a 1and 10 a 2 are mounted on the iron cores 16 a 1 and 16 a 2,respectively. Magnetic flux is produced, by the coils 10 a 1 and 10 a 2,in a radial direction from ends of the iron cores 16 a 1 and 16 a 2toward the outer and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12.Circumferential length of each of the open windows 21 a in the outercylindrical section 11 generally corresponds to a length w of each ofthe iron cores 16 a 1 and 16 a 2. Further, as illustrated, anarrangement pattern of the open windows 21 a is determined such thatwhen the opposite ends of one of the iron cores 16 a 1 completelyoverlap the open window 21 a, the opposite ends of the other iron core16 a 2 do not overlap the open window 21 a at all. Namely, irrespectiveof a rotational position of the outer cylindrical section 11, a totalamount of overlapping of the iron cores 16 a 1 and 16 a 2 with the openwindow 21 a remains constant. Therefore, a signal obtained by addingrespective outputs of the two coils 10 a 1 and 10 a 2 presents the samecharacteristic as the output of one coil 10 a in the embodiment of FIG.1. Thus, the signal obtained by adding the respective outputs of the twocoils 10 a 1 and 10 a 2 of the two coils 10 a 1 and 10 a 2 on track A inthe illustrated example of FIG. 8 represents degree of the overlapbetween the open window 21 a and the nonmagnetic window 22 acorresponding to a relative rotational position of the outer and innercylindrical sections 11 and 12, in a similar manner to the output signalVa of the coil 10 a in the embodiment of FIG. 1.

For each of other tracks B to D too, two coils 10 b 1 and 10 b 2, 10 c 1and 10 c 2 or 10 d 1 and 10 d 2 wound on the respective iron coresconstitute a coil section, so that a signal obtained by adding therespective outputs of the two coils becomes a detection output signalVb, Vc or Vd of the corresponding track B, C or D. The detection outputsignals Va to Vd on tracks A to D will be processed in generally thesame manner as in the above-described embodiment of FIG. 1.

Whereas the coils of tracks A to D are shown in FIG. 8A as positioned atsame mechanical angles (aligned in the axial direction), these coils oftracks A to D may be positioned in other desired relations to oneanother.

Further, the number of the iron cores, i.e. the coils, on each of tracksA to D is not necessarily limited to two; it may be a greater evennumber than two. In such a case, the coils of a same phase may bepositioned at equal angular or circumferential intervals. In this way,even where there is any deviation, from the center of rotation, of theiron cores, errors due to the deviation can be canceled out by additionof detection output signals of the same phase. FIG. 9 is across-sectional view taken diametrically across a portion of the coilsection 10 corresponding to track A, which shows an example of such amodified construction. In the illustrated example, the relationshipbetween the coil 10 a 1 and open windows 21 a of the outer cylindricalsection 11 and the relationship between the coil 10 a 1′ and open window21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 are of a same phase, and thecoil 10 a 1′ is displaced 180° from (i.e., is positioned in diametricsymmetry with) the coil 10 a 1. The relationship between the coil 10 a 2and open window 21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 and therelationship between the coil 10 a 2 ′ and open windows 21 a of theouter cylindrical section 11 are of a same phase, and the coil 10 a 2 ′is displaced 180° from (i.e., is positioned in diametric symmetry with)the coil 10 a 2. Although FIG. 9 shows only two coils having the samephase with respect to the open windows 21 a of the outer cylindricalsection 11, there may be provided three or more coils having the samephase with respect to the open windows 21 a. In the case where there areprovided three coils having the same phase, the coils are positioned at120° intervals, and an appropriate length w and number of the openwindows 21 a are chosen accordingly.

With the arrangements of the coils as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, themagnetic flux of the coils is allowed to easily pass the surface of theinner cylindrical section 12; thus, even where the torsion bar made of amagnetic material is provided near the center of the coil section 10,the magnetic flux can advantageously resist the influence of the torsionbar. Therefore, the necessity of inserting the cylinder 14 made ofantimagnetic metal as shown in FIG. 7 can be decreased.

(7) Modification of the Second Embodiment:

The second embodiment of FIG. 8 may be modified in such a manner thatsame window rows of the outer and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12may be shared between sine-phase track A and minus-sine-phase track B,and same window rows of the outer and inner cylindrical section 11 and12 may be shared between cosine-phase track B and minus-cosine-phasetrack D, as illustratively shown in FIG. 10. As illustrated in FIG. 10A,the outer cylindrical section 11 apparently has two rows of the openwindows: a row of the open windows 21 a corresponding to track A and arow of the open windows 21 b corresponding to track B. Similarly, theinner cylindrical section 12 apparently has two rows of the nonmagneticwindows: a row of the nonmagnetic windows 22 a corresponding to track Aand a row of the nonmagnetic windows 22 b corresponding to track B. FIG.10B is a cross-sectional view taken diametrically across a portion ofthe coil section 10 corresponding to track A, and FIG. 10C is across-sectional view taken diametrically across a portion of the coilsection 10 corresponding to track B.

As illustrated in FIG. 10B, the coils 10 c 1 and 10 c 2 corresponding totrack C are positioned on the same circumference as the coils 10 a 1 and10 a 2 corresponding to track A. In this instance, the relationship ofthe open windows 21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil 10a 1 and the relationship of the open windows 21 a of the outercylindrical section 11 to the coil 10 c 1 are of opposite phases, sothat the sine and minus cosine relationship is satisfied in thisinstance. As noted earlier, the relationship of the open windows 21 a ofthe outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil 10 a 1 and the relationshipof the open windows 21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil10 a 2 are of opposite phases, and similarly the relationship of theopen windows 21 a of the outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil 10 c 1and the relationship of the open windows 21 a of the outer cylindricalsection 11 to the coil 10 c 2 are of opposite phases. Of course, in thiscase, respective outputs of the coils 10 a 1 and 10 a 2 are summed toprovide an output signal Va corresponding to track A, and respectiveoutputs of the coils 10 c 1 and 10 c 2 are summed to provide an outputsignal Vc corresponding to track C.

Similarly, as illustrated in FIG. 10C, the coils 10 d 1 and 10 d 2corresponding to track B are positioned on the same circumference as thecoils 10 b 1 and 10 b 2 corresponding to track B. In this instance, therelationship of the open windows 21 b of the outer cylindrical section11 to the coil 10 b 1 and the relationship of the open windows 21 b ofthe outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil 10 d 1 are of oppositephases, so that the sine and minus cosine relationship is satisfied inthis instance. As noted earlier, the relationship of the open windows 21b of the outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil 10 b 1 and therelationship of the open windows 21 b of the outer cylindrical section11 to the coil 10 b 2 are of opposite phases, and the relationship ofthe open windows 21 b of the outer cylindrical section 11 to the coil 10d 1 and the relationship of the open windows 21 b of the outercylindrical section 11 to the coil 10 d 2 are of opposite phases. Ofcourse, respective outputs of the coils 10 b 1 and 10 b 2 are summed toprovide an output signal Vb corresponding to track B, and respectiveoutputs of the coils 10 d 1 and 10 d 2 are summed to provide an outputsignal Vd corresponding to track D.

(8) Third Embodiment:

Relative-rotational-position detection apparatus in accordance with athird embodiment of the present invention is of a type which onlyemploys the dual analog voltage detection scheme without employing thephase detection scheme. External appearance of the third embodiment ofthe relative-rotational-position detection apparatus may be almostsimilar to that shown in FIG. 1 or 8, and thus illustration of theexternal appearance is omitted here. FIG. 11 is a developed view showingan example of window patterns of tracks A to D formed by open windows 23a to 23 d and an example of window patterns of tracks A to D formed bynonmagnetic windows 24 a to 24 d. Each of the open windows 23 a and 23 bof tracks A and B has a length w, each of the open windows 23 c and 23 dof tracks C and D has about half the length w (i.e., w/2), and each ofthe nonmagnetic windows 24 a to 24 d of the inner cylindrical section 12has the same length w as each of the open windows 23 a and 23 b. In thisembodiment too, the relatively rotatable range, i.e. rotational-positiondetection range, is half the length w (w/2) of each of the open windows23 a. Because the length of each of the open windows 23 c and 23 d oftracks C and D is about “w/2” while the length of each of thecorresponding nonmagnetic windows 24 a to 24 d of the inner cylindricalsection 12 is “w”, the impedance of the coils 10 c and 10 d of tracks Cand D does not vary over the entire detection range of “w/2 ”.

In FIG. 11, there is illustratively shown, on the track-by-track basis,relationships between the open windows 23 a-23 d of the outercylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 24 a-24 d of theinner cylindrical section 12 when the relative rotational position ofthe first and second shafts 1 and 2 is the leftmost. Here, for track A,there is no overlap at all between the open windows 23 a, each havingthe length w, of the outer cylindrical section 11 and the nonmagneticwindows 24 a, each having the same length w, of the inner cylindricalsection 12, so that the coil 10 a presents the greatest impedance. Asthe relative rotational position moves toward the rightmost positionfrom the leftmost position, the open windows 23 a of the outercylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 24 a of the innercylindrical section 12 overlap each other and the overlapping areaincreases gradually. In the rightmost position, one-half of the lengthof each of the open windows 23 a overlaps one-half of the length of thenonmagnetic windows 24 a. In this way, the impedance of the coil 10 avaries from the maximum value to the mid value as the relativerotational position moves from the leftmost position to the rightmostposition.

For track C, when the relative rotational position is the leftmost, theopen windows 23 c, each having the length w/2, of the outer cylindricalsection 11 overlap one-half of the length w of the nonmagnetic windows24 a of the inner cylindrical section 12. Because all of the openwindows 23 c thus overlap the nonmagnetic windows 24 a, the coil 10 apresents the smallest impedance. Even while the relative rotationalposition moves from the leftmost position to the rightmost position,each of the open windows 23 c, having the length w/2, of the outercylindrical section 11 only moves within the corresponding nonmagneticwindow 24 a, so that the impedance of the coil 10 c is kept at itsminimum value.

For track B, when the relative rotational position is the leftmost, theopen windows 23 b, each having the length w, of the outer cylindricalsection 11 overlap one-half of the length w of the nonmagnetic windows24 b of the inner cylindrical section 12 n and the coil 10 b presentsthe mid value. As the relative rotational position moves toward therightmost position from the leftmost position, the area of the overlapbetween the open windows 23 b of the outer cylindrical section 11 andthe nonmagnetic windows 24 b of the inner cylindrical section 12decreases gradually, as a result of which the open windows 23 b do noteven slightly overlap the nonmagnetic windows 24 b when the relativerotational position is in the rightmost position. In this way, theimpedance of the coil 10 b varies from the mid value to the maximumvalue as the relative rotational position moves from the leftmostposition to the rightmost position.

For track D, when the relative rotational position is the leftmost, theopen windows 23 d, each having the length w/2, of the outer cylindricalsection 11 overlap one-half of the length w of the nonmagnetic windows24 d of the inner cylindrical section 12. Because all of the openwindows 23 d thus overlap the nonmagnetic windows 24 d, the coil 10 apresents the smallest impedance. Even while the relative rotationalposition moves from the leftmost position to the rightmost position,each of the open windows 23 d, having the length w/2, of the outercylindrical section 11 only moves within the corresponding nonmagneticwindows 24 d of the inner cylindrical section 12, so that the impedanceof the coil 10 c is kept at its minimum value.

FIG. 12A is a block diagram showing exemplary electric circuitry of thethird embodiment shown in FIG. 11. Here, the coil 10 a of track A andcoil 10 c of track C are connected in series with each other, and anoutput signal V(x)sin ωt of a first channel is output from theconnecting point between the coils 10 a and 10 c. Further, the coil 10 bof track B and coil 10 d of track D are connected in series with eachother, and an output signal V(−x)sin ωt of a second channel is outputfrom the connecting point between the coils 10 d and 10 d. As set forthbelow, the first output signal V(x)sin ωt has an amplitude levelcorresponding to a ratio between a voltage Va corresponding to theimpedance of the coil 10 a of track A and a voltage Vc corresponding tothe impedance of the coil 10 c of track C. Similarly, the second outputsignal V(−x)sin ωt has an amplitude level corresponding to a ratiobetween a voltage Vb corresponding to the impedance of the coil 10 b oftrack B and a voltage Vd corresponding to the impedance of the coil 10 dof track D. As may be apparent from the foregoing, the voltages Va andVb take variable values corresponding to a variation in the relativerotational position to be detected, while the voltages Vc and Vd takeconstant values.

V(x)sin ωt=[Va/(Va+Vc)]sin ωt

V(−x)sin ωt=[Vb/(Vb+Vd)]sin ωt

Because the amplitude level of the output signal V(x)sin ωt can beexpressed by the ratio between the impedance of the two coils 10 a and10 c, there can be obtained the output signal having removed therefromtemperature drift errors of the coil impedance; similarly, the secondoutput signal V(−x)sin ωt can have temperature drift errors of the coilimpedance removed therefrom.

The first and second output signals V(x)sin Ωt and V(−x)sin ωt arerectified by corresponding rectifiers 38 and 39, so as to provide analogoutput voltages V(x) and V(−x) representative of a relative rotationalposition to be detected. Examples of such analog output voltages V(x)and V(−x) are shown in FIG. 12B. As shown, the analog output voltageV(−x) of the second channel which corresponds to the ratio betweentracks B and D, presents variation characteristics opposite to those ofthe analog output voltage V(x) of the first channel which corresponds tothe ratio between tracks A and C. In this manner, there can be provideddual (two-channel) output signals corresponding to a relative rotationalposition to be detected, which may appropriately satisfy predeterminedsafety criteria in the case where the inventiverelative-rotational-position detection apparatus is used as a steeringshaft torque sensor of a motor vehicle. These analog output voltagesV(x) and V(−x) may be used after being further converted into digitalsignals, in a similar manner to the above-mentioned. Of course, in thethird embodiment too, the arrangement patterns of the open windows ofthe outer cylindrical section 11 and nonmagnetic windows of the innercylindrical section 12 may be modified variously, without being limitedto the illustrated example of FIG. 11, as long as such modifications canultimately provide two-channel output voltages V(x) and V(−x) ofopposite characteristics as having been noted above.

(9) Modification of the Third Embodiment:

FIG. 13 shows a modification of the above-described third embodimentcharacterized in that the windows of the outer cylindrical section 11and inner cylindrical section 12 are arranged to constitute only twotracks. Specifically, FIG. 13A is a schematic perspective view of therelative-rotational-position detection apparatus with the coil sectionshown in section, FIG. 13B is a developed view of the outer and innercylindrical sections 11 and 12, and FIG. 13C is a diagram showingelectric circuitry of the detection apparatus. As shown in FIG. 13, theouter cylindrical section 11 apparently includes two rows of windows: arow of open windows 25 a corresponding to track A; and a row of openwindows 25 c corresponding to track C. Similarly, the inner cylindricalsection 12 apparently includes two rows of windows: a row of nonmagneticwindows 26 a corresponding to track A; and a row of nonmagnetic windows26 c corresponding to track C. The coil 10 d corresponding to track D isprovided concentrically with the coil 10 a corresponding to track A, andthe coil 10 b corresponding to track B is provided concentrically withthe coil 10 c corresponding to track C.

Let it be assumed here that the developed view of FIG. 13B shows a statewhen the relative rotational position is the leftmost. Here, for trackA, there is no overlap at all between the open windows 25 a, each havingthe length w, of the outer cylindrical section 11 and the nonmagneticwindows 26 a, each having the same length w, of the inner cylindricalsection 12, so that the coil 10 a presents the greatest impedance. Asthe relative rotational position moves toward the rightmost positionfrom the leftmost position, the open windows 25 a of the outercylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 26 a of the innercylindrical section 12 overlap each other and the overlapping areaincreases gradually. In the rightmost position, one-half of the lengthof each of the open windows 25 a overlaps one-half of the length of thenonmagnetic windows 26 a. In this way, the impedance of the coil 10 avaries from the maximum value to the mid value as the relativerotational position moves from the leftmost position to the rightmostposition.

For track C, when the relative rotational position is the leftmost,one-half of the length w of the open windows 25 c of the outercylindrical section 11 overlaps one-half of the length w of thenonmagnetic windows 26 c of the inner cylindrical section 12, so thatthe coil 10 c presents the mid impedance value. As the relativerotational position moves toward the rightmost position from theleftmost position, the area of the overlap between the open windows 25 cof the outer cylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 26 c ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 increases gradually. In the rightmostposition, all of the open windows 25 c fully overlap the correspondingnonmagnetic windows 26 c. In this way, the impedance of the coil 10 avaries from the mid value to the minimum value as the relativerotational position moves from the leftmost position to the rightmostposition.

The impedance of the coil 10 d of track D disposed in the same positionas or concentrically with the coil 10 a varies from the maximum value tothe mid value as the relative rotational position moves from theleftmost position to the rightmost position. The impedance of the coil10 b of track B disposed in the same position as or concentrically withthe coil 10 c varies from the mid value to the minimum value as therelative rotational position moves from the leftmost position to therightmost position.

As shown in FIG. 13C, the coils 10 a and 10 c are connected with eachother in a differential fashion, the output signal from which isrectified via the rectifier 38. Similarly, the coils 10 b and 10 d areconnected with each other in a differential fashion, the output signalfrom which is rectified via the other rectifier 39. In this way, thedifferential output signal V(−y) from the coils 10 b and 10 d presentsopposite characteristics to those of the differential output signal V(y)from the coils 10 a and 10 c as seen in FIG. 13D; namely, there can beprovided two-channel output signals. Further, the differentialconnection between the coils can remove temperature drift errors of thecoil impedance.

(10) Fourth Embodiment:

In the embodiment of FIG. 1 or the like where the ring-shaped coils 10a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d are positioned adjacent to each other, undesiredcrosstalk or interference is likely to occur between the coils. Themagnetic shielding cases 13 a to 13 d, formed of a magnetic orantimagnetic substance, function as means for eliminating the undesiredcrosstalk or interference. Another possible approach for eliminating thecrosstalk or interference, although similar to the provision of thecases 13 a to 13 d, is to position those tracks adjacent to each otherfor which the interference does not become any significant problem.Namely, in the case of FIG. 1, tracks A and C are positioned adjacent toeach other since these tracks A and C are not adversely influenced bythe interference, and the coils 10 a and 10 c corresponding to tracks Aand C are accommodated in a same magnetic shielding case formed of amagnetic or antimagnetic substance. Similarly, tracks B and D arepositioned adjacent to each other since these tracks B and D are notadversely influenced by the interference, and the coils 10 b and 10 dcorresponding to tracks B and D are accommodated in a same magneticshielding case formed of a magnetic or antimagnetic substance. Approachproposed here as a fourth embodiment of the present invention isintended to eliminate the crosstalk or interference problem bytime-divisional excitation of the coils.

FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram explanatory of an example of suchtime-divisional excitation. Exciting A.C. signal sin 6 t is applied viaa driver 41 to a pair of the sine- and minus-sine-phase coils 10 a and10 c corresponding to track A and track C, while the exciting A.C.signal sin ωt is applied via a driver 42 to a pair of the cosine- andminus-cosine-phase coils 10 b and 10 d corresponding to track B andtrack D. Time-divisional control pulse signal TDM having a 50% dutyfactor takes a value “1” in synchronism with a predetermined cycle ofthe exciting A.C. signal sin ωt and takes a value “0” in synchronismwith the next cycle of the exciting A.C. signal sin ωt. While thetime-divisional control pulse signal TDM is at the value “1”, an analogswitch 43 a is turned on to activate the driver 41 so that an excitingcurrent corresponding to the exciting A.C. signal sin ωt is applied tothe pair of the sine- and minus-sine-phase coils 10 a and 10 ccorresponding to track A and track C. At that time, no exciting currentis applied to the coils 10 b and 10 d corresponding to track B and trackD, and so no crosstalk or interference occurs. Differential amplifier 45obtains a difference between outputs of the coils 10 a and 10 c and thenoutputs a signal that corresponds to the above-mentioned output signalsin θ sin ωt. Analog switch 44 a connected to the output of thedifferential amplifier 45 is turned on in synchronism with an analogswitch 43 a while the time-divisional control pulse signal TDM is at thevalue “1”, so as to output the signal sin θ sin ωt from the differentialamplifier 45.

On the other hand, while the time-divisional control pulse signal TDM isat the value “0”, an analog switch 43 b is turned on to activate thedriver 42 so that an exciting current corresponding to the exciting A.C.signal sin ωt is applied to the pair of the cosine- andminus-cosine-phase coils 10 b and 10 d corresponding to track B andtrack D. At that time, no exciting current is applied to the coils 10 aand 10 c corresponding to track A and track C, and so no crosstalk orinterference occurs. Differential amplifier 46 obtains a differencebetween outputs of the coils 10 b and 10 d and then outputs a signalthat corresponds to the above-mentioned output signal cos θ sin ωt.Analog switch 44 b connected to the output of the differential amplifier46 is turned on in synchronism with the analog switch 43 b while thetime-divisional control pulse signal TDM is at the value “0”, so as tooutput the signal cos θ sin ωt from the differential amplifier 46.

The output signals sin θ sin ωt and cos θ sin ωt from the analogswitches 44 a and 44 b are rectified by respective rectifiers (notshown), and thus can be used as two-channel analog output voltagescorresponding to a relative rotational position to be detected. Here, inindividual time slots when the corresponding analog switches are OFF, itjust suffices to hold the output voltage as necessary.

The output signals sin θ sin ωt and cos θ sin ωt from the analogswitches 44 a and 44 b may also be used in the phase detection scheme.For that purpose, in time slots when the corresponding analog switchesare OFF, respective waveforms of the output signals sin θ sin ωt and cosθcos ωt may be held in an analog buffer, so that timewise-continuousoutput signals sin θ sin ωt and cos θcos ωt can be generated by readingout the waveforms previously held in the time slots when thecorresponding analog switches were OFF.

FIGS. 15A and 15B show still another embodiment of the presentinvention; specifically, FIG. 15A is a schematic perspective view of therelative-rotational-position detection apparatus, and FIG. 15B is adeveloped view of the outer and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12. Inthe instant embodiment, the outer cylindrical section 11 has, at itsopposite axial ends, rims 50 and 51 formed, for example, of anonmagnetic and nonconductive plastic substance, and there is formed noring of the conductive substance along the rims 50 and 51. For example,in the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the outer cylindrical section 11has the plurality of open windows 21 a to 21 d formed in the conductivecylinder as described above. This arrangement of FIG. 1 leaves a ring ofthe conductive substance at the opposite axial ends, and the ring of theconductive substance acts as a simple one-turn coil which would createundesired phenomena, such as electric current flow therethrough, thatadversely influences the detection accuracy. By contrast, if therelative-rotational-position detection apparatus is arranged as anassembled structure as in the example of FIG. 15 where the rims 50 and51 formed of a nonmagnetic and nonconductive plastic material areprovided, at the opposite axial ends of the outer cylindrical section11, to clasp or hold together respective ends of a plurality ofconductive bands 111, 112, 113, 114, . . . in such a manner as toeliminate rings of the conductive substance along the rims 50 and 51, itis possible to avoid formation of rings of the conductive substance atthe opposite axial ends of the outer cylindrical section 11; as aconsequence, the embodiment can effectively prevent the above-mentionedinconveniences. Note that the coil section 10 in the embodiment of FIG.15 may be constructed in the same manner as in the embodiment of FIG. 1.

As illustratively shown in FIG. 15B, the plurality of conductive bands111, 112, 113, 114, . . . each extend obliquely with respect to the axisof the outer cylindrical section 11, and gaps between these conductivebands 111, 112, 113, 114, . . . function as open windows 211, 212, 213,. . . . In this case, the open windows 211, 212, 213, . . . are notseparated from each other in corresponding relation to tracks A-D, andthese open windows 211, 212, 213, . . . extend obliquely with respect tothe axis and function as open windows corresponding to tracks A-D inrespective positions corresponding to tracks A-D. Therefore, in theouter cylindrical section 11 of this embodiment, there is formed no ringof the conductive substance even in intermediate portions other than theend rims 50 and 51. This arrangement too achieves enhanced detectingaccuracy.

In the inner cylindrical section 12 of this embodiment, nonmagneticwindows 221, 222, 223, . . . extend parallel to the axis in such amanner that nonmagnetic windows corresponding to tracks A-D are providedin a same position relative to tracks A-D. For enhanced detectingaccuracy in the inner cylindrical section 12 too, it is preferable, butnot necessarily essential, that the nonmagnetic windows be provided asillustrated with no ring-shaped conductive portion being formed on theinner cylindrical section 12. Because the nonmagnetic windows can beformed by surface processing such as plating or etching, it is notnecessary for the inner cylindrical section 12 to have clasp memberscorresponding to the rims 50 and 51 of the outer cylindrical section 11constructed as an assembled structure. However, the inner cylindricalsection 12 may also be constructed as an assembled structure having rimsat opposite axial ends thereof, as necessary.

In the illustrated example, the degree of the overlap between the openwindows 211, 212, 213, . . . of the outer cylindrical section 11 and thenonmagnetic windows 221, 222, 223 of the inner cylindrical section 12 isthe greatest on track A corresponding to the coil 10 a, and the smalleston track C corresponding to the coil 10 c. Thus, assuming that track Acorresponding to the coil 10 a represents the sine phase, track Ccorresponding to the coil 10 c represents the minus-sine phase. Further,on track B corresponding to the coil 10 b, the degree of the overlapbetween the open windows 211, 212, 213, . . . of the outer cylindricalsection 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 221, 222, 223 of the innercylindrical section 12 is “½”, which represents the cosine phase.Further, on track D corresponding to the coil 10 d, the degree of theoverlap between the open windows 211, 212, 213, . . . of the outercylindrical section 11 and the nonmagnetic windows 221, 222, 223 of theinner cylindrical section 12 is “½”, which represents the minus-cosinephase.

Whereas, in the illustrated example of FIG. 15, the open windows 211,212, . . . of the outer cylindrical section 11 are formed to extendobliquely with respect to the axis, the present invention is not solimited; for example, the nonmagnetic windows 221, 222, . . . of theinner cylindrical section 12 may be formed to extend obliquely withrespect to the axis. In another alternative, the open windows 211, 212,. . . and the nonmagnetic windows 221, 222, . . . may be formed toextend obliquely with respect to the axis in opposite directions.Inclination angle, of the open windows 211, 212, . . . , with respect tothe axis and the like may be chosen as desired. What is essential hereis that the respective impedance of the coils 10 a to 10 d varies withfunctional characteristics of sine, cosine, minus sine and minus cosinewithin a predetermined range (less than 90 degrees) in response to avariation in a relative rotational position to be detected within apredetermined range. Electric circuitry associated with the coils 10 ato 10 d in the embodiment of FIG. 15 may be constructed in a similarmanner to the above-described.

FIGS. 16A and 16B and FIGS. 17A and 17B show still other embodiments ofthe present invention, which are constructed to form no ring of aconductive substance on the outer cylindrical section 11 similarly tothe embodiment of FIGS. 15A and 15B. The embodiments of FIGS. 16A and16B and FIGS. 17A and 17B are different from the embodiment of FIGS. 15Aand 15B in that the outer cylindrical section 11 have no open window.

First, the embodiment shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B is described. FIG. 16Ais a schematic developed view of the outer cylindrical section 11, andFIG. 16B is a schematic developed view of the inner cylindrical section12 corresponding to the outer cylindrical section 11. In the instantembodiment of the detection apparatus too, the outer cylindrical section11 is coupled with one of the relatively-rotatable first and secondshafts 1 and 2 (e.g., first shaft 1 ) for rotation with the one shaft 1,while the inner cylindrical section 12 is connected to the other of thefirst and second shafts 1 and 2 (e.g., second shaft 2) for rotation withthe other shaft 2. Thus, the circumferential relative positionalrelationship between the outer cylindrical section 11 and the innercylindrical section 12 changes as the relative rotational positionbetween the first and second shafts changes. Coil section 10 having fourcoils 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d is wound around the outer circumferenceof the outer cylindrical section 11 in a non-contact fashion, althoughillustration of a general external appearance view of the detectionapparatus is omitted.

The outer cylindrical section 11 illustrated in FIG. 16A includes acylindrical base 110 of a relatively small wall thickness that is formedof a nonmagnetic and nonconductive or poorly-conductive (i.e.,non-magnetism-responsive) substance, such as SUS316 stainless steel, andrectangular magnetic shielding (antimagnetic) substance portions 115 a,115 b, 115 c, . . . , each having a predetermined width (w′), arrangedon a surface of the cylindrical base 110 and circumferentially spacedapart from each other by a predetermined interval substantially equal tothe above-mentioned dimension or width w. As an example, the magneticshielding substance portions 115 a, 115 b, 115 c, . . . are secured onthe surface of the cylindrical base 110 by plating (e.g., copperplating); such plating is advantageous in terms of processingconveniences. Portions 116 a, 116 b, 116 c, . . . , where the magneticshielding (antimagnetic) substance portions 115 a, 115 b, 115 c, . . .are not provided (i.e. which lie between the magnetic shielding(antimagnetic) substance forming the portions 115 a, 115 b, 115 c, . . .), correspond in function to the above-described open windows. Becausethe portions 116 a, 116 b, 116 c, . . . do not present magneticshielding (antimagnetic) characteristics, they allow the magneticfields, produced by the coil section 10, to locally act on the innercylindrical section 12 located inwardly of the outer cylindrical section11. The portions 116 a, 116 b, 116 c, . . . , which do not presentmagnetic shielding characteristics and therefore may be callednon-magnetically-shielding portions, each have a width substantiallyequal to the width w. Note that the width w′ is slightly greater thanthe width w.

The inner cylindrical section 12 of FIG. 16B is a cylindrical magneticsection having a suitable wall thickness and formed of a ferromagneticsubstance, such as iron or ferrite. In the inner cylindrical section 12,there are formed a plurality of through openings 120 a, 120 b, 120 c, .. . , each of which is in the shape of a parallelogram having a width inthe circumferential direction that is equal to about 2w (i.e., abouttwice as great as the above-mentioned width w). Namely, these throughopenings 120 a, 120 b, 120 c, . . . function as nonmagnetic windows inthe inner cylindrical section 12. Further, in opposite end edges of theinner cylindrical section 12, there are formed recesses 121 a, 121 b,121 c, 121 e, . . . each having an inclined surface substantiallyparallel to inclined edges of the openings 120 a, 120 b, 120 c, . . . .Thus, magnetic portions 122 and 123 remaining on the inner cylindricalsection 12 repeat patterns inclined or oblique to the circumference ofthe inner cylindrical section 12, as depicted by hatching.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 16A and 16B, the coils 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and10 d in the coil section 10 are arranged as follows. The coils 10 a and10 c are positioned adjacent to each other in correspondence with theoblique patterns of the magnetic portions 122 on one of the edges of theinner cylindrical section 12, so that the outputs of the coils 10 a and10 c are synthesized differentially (push-pull synthesis) in a similarmanner to the example of FIG. 4 and there can be provided an outputsignal equivalent to “sin θ sin ωt”. Further, the coils 10 b and 10 dare positioned adjacent to each other in correspondence with the obliquepatterns of the magnetic portions 123 on the other edge of the innercylindrical section 12, so that the outputs of the coils 10 b and 10 dare synthesized differentially (push-pull synthesis) in a similar mannerto the example of FIG. 4 and there can be provided an output signalequivalent to “cos θ sin ωt”.

As in each of the above-described embodiments, the outer cylindricalsection 11 is magnetically shielded where the magnetic shielding(antimagnetic) substance portions 115 a, 115 b, 115 c, . . . areprovided, so that the presence of the magnetic portions 122 and 123 ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 located inwardly of the magneticshielding (antimagnetic) substance portions is practically canceled, andonly the magnetic portions 122 and 123, corresponding to (locatedinwardly of) the non-magnetically-shielding portions 116 a, 116 b, 116c, . . . (functioning like the open windows) in the outer cylindricalsection 11, are magnetically coupled with the individual coils 10 a to10 d of the coil section 10. Then, the relative rotational position(relative position in the circumferential direction) between the outerand inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12 varies as the relativerotational position between the shafts 1 and 2 changes, as set forthabove, in response to which the correspondency between thenon-magnetically-shielding portions 116 a, 116 b, 116 c, . . . of theouter cylindrical section 11 and the magnetic portions 122 and 123 ofthe inner cylindrical section 12 changes to cause variations in theimpedance of the coils 10 a to 10 d.

Let it be assumed that the circumferential relative displacement betweenthe outer and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12 in this embodiment islimited to a range substantially equal to the width w. If the width wis, for example, set to correspond to a rotational angle of ten-odddegrees at the most, the instant embodiment can function satisfactorilyas a shaft torque sensor. Namely, in response to a variation, within therange of the width w, in the circumferential relative position betweenthe outer and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12, the impedance of thecoils 10 a and 10 c changes differentially, and the impedance of thecoils 10 b and 10 d changes differentially in different phases from thecoils 10 a and 10 c. Namely, in a manner similar to the above-described,the width w can be set appropriately such that, within a range less thanabout 90 degrees, the coil 10 a presents an impedance variation of sinθ, the coil 10 c presents an impedance variation of minus sin θ, thecoil 10 b presents an impedance variation of cos and the coil 10 dpresents an impedance variation of minus cos θ. Because the instantembodiment has no conductive ring formed on the outer periphery of thenon-magnetically-shielding portions 116 a, 116 b, 116 c, . . . of theouter cylindrical section 11 as in the embodiment of FIGS. 15A and 15B,it can avoid undesired losses and therefore achieve a good detectionaccuracy.

The following paragraphs describe still another embodiment shown inFIGS. 17A and 17B. FIG. 17A is a developed view of the outer cylindricalsection 11, while FIG. 17B is a developed view of the inner cylindricalsection 12 corresponding to the outer cylindrical section 11. In theinstant embodiment of the detection apparatus too, the outer cylindricalsection 11 is coupled with one of the relatively-rotatable first andsecond shafts 1 and 2 (e.g., first shaft 1 ) for rotation with the oneshaft 1, while the inner cylindrical section 12 is connected to theother of the first and second shafts 1 and 2 (e.g., second shaft 2 ) forrotation with the other shaft 2. Thus, the circumferential relativepositional relationship between the outer cylindrical section 11 and theinner cylindrical section 12 changes as the relative rotational positionbetween the first and second shafts changes. Coil section 10 having fourcoils 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d is wound around the outer circumferenceof the outer cylindrical section 11 in a non-contact fashion, althoughillustration of a general external appearance view of the detectionapparatus is omitted.

In the embodiment of FIG. 17A, the outer cylindrical section 11 has acylindrical base 110 formed of the same material as the counterpart ofFIG. 16A. The outer cylindrical section 11 of FIG. 17A is different fromthe outer cylindrical section 11 of FIG. 16A in that patterns ofmagnetic-shielding (antimagnetic) substance portions 117 a, 117 b, 117c, . . . , formed, for example, of copper plating, are providedobliquely to the circumference of the outer cylindrical section 11.Therefore, non-magnetically-shielding portions 118 a, 118 b, 118 c, . .. , which correspond in function to the above-mentioned open windows,are also provided obliquely to the circumference of the outercylindrical section 11. The inner cylindrical section 12 of FIG. 17B isalso a cylindrical magnetic section having a suitable wall thickness andformed of a ferromagnetic substance, such as iron or ferrite, as in theother embodiments described above. In the inner cylindrical section 12,there are formed a plurality of through openings 124 a, 124 b, 124 c, .. . , each of which is in the shape of a parallerogram and correspondsin function to the open windows. As depicted by hatching, magneticportions 125 and 126 remaining on the inner cylindrical section 12repeat patterns oblique to the circumferential direction so as tocorrespond to the oblique non-magnetically-shielding portions 118 a, 118b, 118 c, . . . . In the embodiment of FIGS. 17A and 17B too, the coils10 a-10 d of the coil section 10 are arranged such that the coils 10 aand 10 c present differential impedance variations like sine and −sin θand the coils 10 b and 10 d present differential impedance variationslike cos θ and −cos θ. Because the instant embodiment too has noconductive ring formed on the outer periphery of thenon-magnetically-shielding portions 118 a, 118 b, 118 c, . . . of theouter cylindrical section 11, it can effectively avoid undesired lossesand therefore achieve a good detection accuracy.

Electric circuitry associated with the coils 10 a to 10 d in theembodiment of FIGS. 16A-17B may be constructed in a similar manner tothe above-described.

Whereas the number of the tracks in the above-described embodiments ofFIGS. 1, 8, 15A-17B, etc. is four, there may be provided five or moretracks.

Further, it should be apparent that the arrangement employed in theembodiment of FIGS. 15A-17B for not forming rings of the conductivesubstance on the outer and inner cylindrical sections 11 and 12 may beapplied not only to the four-track type construction but also to thetwo-track type construction as shown in FIG. 11 or 13.

In summary, the relative-rotational-position detection apparatus of thepresent invention is characterized by the provision of four detectingchannels each comprising a combination of the relatively-displaceableopen window and nonmagnetic window. Thus, the present invention permitsaccurate detection by appropriately compensating temperature driftcharacteristics, and it can be constructed to provide dual detectionoutputs for increased safety. Further, the relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus of the present invention can be constructed for usein either the phase detection scheme or the voltage detection scheme,and thus achieves good usability or enhanced convenience of use.Particularly, in the case where the invention is used in the phasedetection scheme, it can effectively avoid temperature drift errors notonly in the coil impedance but also in core loss or eddy current loss.

What is claimed is:
 1. A relative-rotational-position detectionapparatus for detecting a relative rotational position between a firstshaft and a second shaft rotatable relative to each other, whichcomprises: an outer cylindrical section rotatable with said first shaft,said outer cylindrical having a nonmagnetic and nonconductivecylindrical base and magnetic shielding portions that are formed of amagnetic shielding or antimagnetic substance and arranged on a surfaceof the cylindrical base, the magnetic shielding portions being spacedapart from each other by a predetermined interval in a circumferentialdirection of the cylindrical base so that non-magnetically-shieldingportions are formed between the magnetic shielding portions; a pluralityof coils provided on a periphery of said outer cylindrical section andexcitable by a predetermined A.C. signal; and an inner cylindricalsection inserted in said outer cylindrical section and rotatable withsaid second shaft, said inner cylindrical section including magneticportions each provided to present a different characteristic withrespect to an arrangement of said plurality of coils; wherein a degreeof overlap between the non-magnetically-shielding portions of said outercylindrical section and the magnetic portions of said inner cylindricalsection varies in response to a variation in a relative rotationalposition between said first shaft and said second shaft, each of saidcoils presenting a different impedance corresponding to said degree ofoverlap.
 2. A relative-rotational-position detection apparatus asclaimed in claim 1 wherein the impedance of first and second coils amongsaid plurality of coils varies differentially and a first A.C. outputsignal is generated by obtaining a different between outputs of saidfirst and second coils, the impedance of third and fourth coils amongsaid plurality of coils varies differentially and a second A.C. outputsignal is generated by obtaining a different between outputs of saidthird and fourth coils, and arrangements of the magnetic shieldingportions of said outer cylindrical section and the magnetic portions ofsaid inner cylindrical section are set such that amplitudes of saidfirst A.C. output signal and said second A.C. output signal vary withpredetermined different characteristics in accordance with the variationin the relative rotational position.
 3. A relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the arrangements areset in such a manner that the amplitudes of said first and second A.C.output signals vary with opposite characteristics in accordance with thevariation in the relative rotational position over a predeterminedrange.
 4. A relative-rotational-position detection apparatus as claimedin claim 2 which further comprises a first circuit for synthesizing saidfirst and second A.C. output signals to thereby generate an A.C. signalrepresentative of a phase corresponding to the relative rotationalposition, and a second circuit for selecting one of said first andsecond A.C. output signals, and wherein the relative rotational positioncan be detected either on the basis of the A.C. signal representative ofa phase corresponding to the relative rotational position obtained bysaid first circuit or on the basis of an amplitude level of the one ofsaid first and second A.C. output signals selected by said secondcircuit.
 5. A relative-rotational-position detection apparatus asclaimed in claim 4 wherein, when one of said first and second A.C.output signals has an anomaly, said second circuit selects other of saidfirst and second A.C. output signals having no anomaly so that therelative rotational position can be detected on the basis of theamplitude level of the A.C. output signal selected by said secondcircuit.
 6. A relative-rotational-position detection apparatus asclaimed in claim 1 wherein the impedance of first and second coils amongsaid plurality of coils varies differentially and a first A.C. outputsignal is generated by obtaining a ratio between outputs of said firstand second coils, the impedance of third and fourth coils among saidplurality of coils varies differentially and a second A.C. output signalis generated by obtaining a ratio between outputs of said third andfourth coils, and arrangements of the magnetic shielding portions ofsaid outer cylindrical section and the magnetic portions of said innercylindrical section are set such that amplitudes of said first A.C.output signal and said second A.C. output signal vary with predetermineddifferent characteristics in accordance with the variation in therelative rotational position.
 7. A relative-rotational-positiondetection apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first and secondshafts are interconnected via a torsion bar so that saidrelative-rotational-position detection apparatus functions as a torquesensor for detecting torque applied to said torsion bar by detecting anamount of torsion between said first and second shafts as the relativerotational position.
 8. A relative-rotational-position detectionapparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said plurality of coils aredisposed in a ring-like configuration around an outer periphery of saidouter cylindrical section.
 9. A relative-rotational-position detectionapparatus as claimed in claim 1 which is suitable for use as a torquesensor for detecting torque applied to a power steering shaft of a motorvehicle.